Onjiniyela benethiwekhi, ngaphandle, bamane nje “basebenza ngobuchwepheshe” abakha, balungise, futhi baxazulule amanethiwekhi, kodwa empeleni, “singumugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela” ekuphepheni kwe-inthanethi. Umbiko we-CrowdStrike ka-2024 ukhombisile ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwe-inthanethi emhlabeni wonke kukhuphuke ngo-30%, lapho izinkampani zaseShayina zilahlekelwa ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-50 zama-yuan ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi. Amakhasimende awakhathali ukuthi unguchwepheshe wezokusebenza noma wezokuphepha; lapho kwenzeka isigameko senethiwekhi, unjiniyela ungowokuqala ukuthwala icala. Ingasaphathwa eyokwamukelwa kabanzi kwamanethiwekhi e-AI, 5G, namafu, okwenze izindlela zokuhlasela zabaduni zaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kukhona okuthunyelwe okudumile ku-Zhihu eShayina: “Onjiniyela benethiwekhi abangafundi ukuphepha bavala indlela yabo yokubaleka!” Lesi sitatimende, nakuba sinzima, siyiqiniso.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizonikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kokuhlaselwa kwenethiwekhi okuvamile okuyisishiyagalombili, kusukela ezimisweni zabo kanye nezifundo zamacala kuya kumasu okuzivikela, ngikugcina kuwusizo ngangokunokwenzeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumuntu omusha noma usomabhizinisi onolwazi ofuna ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho, lolu lwazi luzokunikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe kumaphrojekthi akho. Ake siqale!
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS kweNo.1
Ukuhlasela kwe-Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) kudlula amaseva noma amanethiwekhi aqondiwe ngenani elikhulu lethrafikhi mbumbulu, okwenza angafinyeleleki kubasebenzisi abasemthethweni. Amasu avamile afaka phakathi ukukhukhula kwe-SYN kanye nokukhukhula kwe-UDP. Ngo-2024, umbiko we-Cloudflare ukhombisile ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kwe-DDoS kwaba ngu-40% wazo zonke izihlaselo zenethiwekhi.
Ngo-2022, ipulatifomu ye-e-commerce yahlaselwa yi-DDoS ngaphambi koSuku Lwabantu Abangashadile, lapho ithrafikhi ephezulu yafinyelela ku-1Tbps, okwabangela ukuthi iwebhusayithi iwe amahora amabili futhi kwaholela ekulahlekelweni amashumi ezigidi zama-yuan. Umngane wami wayephethe izimpendulo eziphuthumayo futhi wacishe wahlanya ngenxa yengcindezi.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Ukuhlanza Ukugeleza:Sebenzisa izinsizakalo zokuvikela ze-CDN noma ze-DDoS (ungadinga i-Mylinking™ Inline Bypass Tap/Switch) ukuze uhlunge ithrafikhi enonya.
○Ukweqiwa Komkhawulokudonsa:Bhukha u-20%-30% we-bandwidth ukuze ubhekane nokwanda kwethrafikhi okungazelelwe.
○I-alamu Yokuqapha:Sebenzisa amathuluzi (ungadinga i-Mylinking™ Network Packet Broker) ukuqapha ithrafikhi ngesikhathi sangempela futhi uqaphe noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka.
○Uhlelo Oluphuthumayo: Bambisana nama-ISP ukuze ushintshe imigqa ngokushesha noma uvimbele imithombo yokuhlasela.
I-SQL Injection No.2
Ama-Hacker afaka ikhodi ye-SQL enonya ezinkambini zokufaka iwebhusayithi noma ama-URL ukuze eba ulwazi lwesizindalwazi noma amasistimu omonakalo. Ngo-2023, umbiko we-OWASP wathi ukufakwa kwe-SQL kusalokhu kungenye yezihlaselo ezintathu eziphezulu zewebhu.
Iwebhusayithi yebhizinisi elincane kuya kweliphakathi yafakwa engcupheni ngumgebengu owafaka isitatimende esithi "1=1", wathola kalula iphasiwedi yomlawuli, ngoba iwebhusayithi yehlulekile ukuhlunga okufakwayo komsebenzisi. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi ithimba lokuthuthukisa alizange lisebenzise nhlobo ukuqinisekiswa kokufakwayo.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Umbuzo ohlukaniswe ngamapharamitha:Abathuthukisi be-Backend kufanele basebenzise izitatimende ezilungisiwe ukuze bagweme ukuhlanganisa i-SQL ngqo.
○UMnyango we-WAF:Ama-firewall ezinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu (njenge-ModSecurity) angavimba izicelo ezinonya.
○Ukuhlolwa Okuvamile:Sebenzisa amathuluzi (njenge-SQLMap) ukuskena ubuthakathaka bese wenza isipele sedathabheyisi ngaphambi kokulungisa.
○Ukulawula Ukufinyelela:Abasebenzisi bedathabheyisi kufanele banikezwe amalungelo amancane kuphela ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele kokulawula.
Ukuhlasela kwe-Cross-site Scripting (XSS) okunguNombolo 3
Ukuhlasela kwe-cross-site scripting (XSS) kweba amakhukhi abasebenzisi, ama-session ID, kanye nezinye izikripthi ezinonya ngokuzifaka emakhasini ewebhu. Zihlukaniswe ngokuhlasela okubonakalayo, okugciniwe, kanye nokuhlasela okusekelwe ku-DOM. Ngo-2024, i-XSS yabalelwa ku-25% wazo zonke izihlaselo zewebhu.
Iforamu yehlulekile ukuhlunga amazwana abasebenzisi, okuvumela abaduni ukuthi bafake ikhodi yesikripthi futhi bantshontshe ulwazi lokungena ezinkulungwaneni zabasebenzisi. Ngibone izimo lapho amakhasimende ayephangwa khona ama-yuan angu-CNY500,000 ngenxa yalokhu.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Ukuhlunga kokufaka: Escape kokufaka komsebenzisi (njengokufaka ikhodi kwe-HTML).
○Isu le-CSP:Nika amandla izinqubomgomo zokuphepha kokuqukethwe ukuze ukhawulele imithombo yesikripthi.
○Ukuvikelwa kwesiphequluli:Setha izihloko ze-HTTP (njenge-X-XSS-Protection) ukuze uvimbele izikripthi ezinonya.
○Ukuskena Ithuluzi:Sebenzisa i-Burp Suite ukuhlola njalo ubuthakathaka be-XSS.
No.4 Ukuqhekeka Kwephasiwedi
Ama-hacker athola amaphasiwedi omsebenzisi noma omlawuli ngokuhlasela ngamandla amakhulu, ukuhlasela kwesichazamazwi, noma ubunjiniyela bezenhlalo. Umbiko weVerizon ka-2023 ukhombisile ukuthi u-80% wokungena kwe-inthanethi kwakuhlobene namaphasiwedi abuthakathaka.
I-router yenkampani, esebenzisa iphasiwedi ezenzakalelayo ethi "admin," yangena kalula ku-hacker owafaka i-backdoor. Unjiniyela owayehilelekile waxoshwa kamuva, kanti umphathi naye wabekwa icala.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Amaphasiwedi Ayinkimbinkimbi:Phoqelela izinhlamvu ezingu-12 noma ngaphezulu, izinhlamvu ezixubile, izinombolo, kanye nezimpawu.
○Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto eziningi:Nika amandla i-MFA (njengekhodi yokuqinisekisa i-SMS) kumishini ebalulekile.
○Ukuphathwa Kwephasiwedi:Sebenzisa amathuluzi (njenge-LastPass) ukuze uwaphathe kahle futhi uwashintshe njalo.
○Imizamo Yomkhawulo:Ikheli le-IP likhiyiwe ngemuva kwemizamo emithathu yokungena ehlulekile ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa ngamandla amakhulu.
Ukuhlasela Okuphakathi Komuntu No.5 (i-MITM)
Ama-hacker angenelela phakathi kwabasebenzisi namaseva, evimba noma ephazamisa idatha. Lokhu kuvamile ekuxhumaneni kwe-Wi-Fi yomphakathi noma okungabethelwe. Ngo-2024, ukuhlaselwa kwe-MITM kwaba ngu-20% wokuhogela inethiwekhi.
I-Wi-Fi yesitolo sekhofi yaphazamiseka ngenxa yabaphangi, okwaholela ekutheni abasebenzisi balahlekelwe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi lapho idatha yabo ibanjwa ngenkathi bengena kwiwebhusayithi yebhange. Kamuva onjiniyela bathola ukuthi i-HTTPS yayingaphoqelelwa.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Phoqelela i-HTTPS:Iwebhusayithi kanye ne-API kubethelwe nge-TLS, futhi i-HTTP ikhutshaziwe.
○Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesitifiketi:Sebenzisa i-HPKP noma i-CAA ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitifiketi sithembekile.
○Ukuvikelwa kwe-VPN:Imisebenzi ebucayi kufanele isebenzise i-VPN ukubethela ithrafikhi.
○Ukuvikelwa kwe-ARP:Gada ithebula le-ARP ukuze uvimbele ukuphamba kwe-ARP.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Phishing kwenombolo 6
Abaduni basebenzisa ama-imeyili, amawebhusayithi, noma imiyalezo yombhalo ekhohlisayo ukuze bakhohlise abasebenzisi ukuthi baveze ulwazi noma bachofoze izixhumanisi ezinonya. Ngo-2023, ukuhlaselwa kwe-phishing kwaba yi-35% yezehlakalo zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi.
Isisebenzi senkampani sithole i-imeyili evela kothile othi ungumqashi waso, ecela ukudluliselwa kwemali, wagcina elahlekelwe yizigidi. Kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi isizinda se-imeyili sasingelona iqiniso; isisebenzi sasingakasiqinisekisi.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabasebenzi:Qoqa njalo ukuqeqeshwa kokuqwashisa ngokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ukuze ufundise ukuthi ungawabona kanjani ama-imeyili e-phishing.
○Ukuhlunga i-imeyili:Sebenzisa isango elilwa nobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi (njengeBarracuda).
○Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesizinda:Hlola isizinda somthumeli bese unika amandla inqubomgomo ye-DMARC.
○Ukuqinisekiswa Okuphindwe Kabili:Imisebenzi ebucayi idinga ukuqinisekiswa ngocingo noma mathupha.
I-Ransomware yenombolo 7
I-Ransomware ibhala ngemfihlo idatha yezisulu futhi ifuna isihlengo sokususa ukubethela. Umbiko we-Sophos ka-2024 ukhombisile ukuthi amabhizinisi angu-50% emhlabeni wonke abhekane nokuhlaselwa kwe-ransomware.
Inethiwekhi yesibhedlela yaphazamiseka yi-LockBit ransomware, okwabangela ukukhubazeka kwesistimu kanye nokumiswa kokuhlinzwa. Onjiniyela bachithe isonto lonke bethola idatha, balahlekelwa kakhulu.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Isipele Esivamile:Ukusekela idatha ebalulekile ngaphandle kwendawo kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqubo yokutakula.
○Ukuphathwa kwe-Patch:Buyekeza izinhlelo kanye nesofthiwe ngokushesha ukuze uvale ubuthakathaka.
○Ukuqapha Ukuziphatha:Sebenzisa amathuluzi e-EDR (njenge-CrowdStrike) ukuthola ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile.
○Inethiwekhi Yokuzihlukanisa:Ukuhlukanisa izinhlelo ezibucayi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusabalala kwamagciwane.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Zero-day No.8
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Zero-day kusebenzisa ubuthakathaka besofthiwe obungadalulwanga, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukubuvimbela. Ngo-2023, i-Google ibike ukutholakala kobuthakathaka obungu-20 obuyingozi kakhulu be-zero-day, obuningi babo obabusetshenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kwe-supply chain.
Inkampani esebenzisa isofthiwe yeSolarWinds yaphazamiseka ngenxa yobuthakathaka obungenaso usuku, okwathinta lonke uchungechunge lwayo lokuhlinzeka. Onjiniyela babengenalusizo futhi babekwazi ukulinda kuphela i-patch.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani?
○Ukutholwa Kokungena:Sebenzisa i-IDS/IPS (njenge-Snort) ukuze uqaphe ithrafikhi engajwayelekile.
○Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Sandbox:Sebenzisa ibhokisi lesanti ukuze uhlukanise amafayela asolisayo futhi uhlaziye ukuziphatha kwawo.
○Ukuhlakanipha Kwezinsongo:Bhalisela izinsizakalo (njenge-FireEye) ukuze uthole ulwazi lwakamuva mayelana nokuba sengozini.
○Amalungelo Aphansi Kakhulu:Vimbela izimvume zesofthiwe ukuze unciphise indawo yokuhlasela.
Malungu enethiwekhi, hlobo luni lokuhlaselwa enihlangabezane nalo? Futhi nibhekane kanjani nakho? Ake sixoxe ngalokhu ndawonye futhi sisebenzisane ukuze senze amanethiwekhi ethu aqine nakakhulu!
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-05-2025
