Isingeniso
Sonke siyawazi umgomo wokuhlukanisa kanye nomgomo wokungahlukaniswa kwe-IP kanye nokusebenza kwawo ekuxhumaneni kwenethiwekhi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP nokuhlanganisa kabusha kuyindlela eyinhloko enqubweni yokudlulisa iphakethe. Uma usayizi wephakethe weqa umkhawulo ophezulu weyunithi yokudlulisa (MTU) wesixhumanisi senethiwekhi, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP kuhlukanisa iphakethe libe yizicucu ezincane eziningi ukuze lidluliselwe. Lezi zingcezu zidluliselwa ngokuzimela kunethiwekhi futhi, lapho zifika endaweni, ziphinde zihlanganiswe zibe amaphakethe aphelele ngomshini wokuhlanganisa kabusha i-IP. Le nqubo yokuhlukanisa nokuhlanganisa kabusha iqinisekisa ukuthi amaphakethe kasayizi omkhulu angadluliselwa kunethiwekhi kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ubuqotho nokuthembeka kwedatha. Kulesi sigaba, sizobheka ngokujulile ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP nokuhlanganisa kabusha kusebenza kanjani.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP nokuhlanganisa kabusha
Izixhumanisi zedatha ezihlukene zinamayunithi ahlukene okudlulisa okuphezulu (MTU); isibonelo, isixhumanisi sedatha ye-FDDI sine-MTU yamabhayithi angu-4352 kanye ne-Ethernet MTU yamabhayithi angu-1500. I-MTU imele i-Maximum Transmission Unit futhi ibhekisela kusayizi wephakethe omkhulu ongasakazwa ngenethiwekhi.
I-FDDI (I-Fiber Distributed Data Interface) iyindinganiso yendawo enesivinini esikhulu (i-LAN) esebenzisa i-optical fiber njengendlela yokudlulisa. I-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) ingusayizi omkhulu wephakethe ongadluliswa ngephrothokholi yesendlalelo sedatha. Kumanethiwekhi e-FDDI, ubukhulu be-MTU ngamabhayithi angu-4352. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubukhulu besayizi yephakethe elingadluliswa yiphrothokholi yesendlalelo sedatha kunethiwekhi ye-FDDI ngamabhayithi angu-4352. Uma iphakethe elizosakazwa lidlula lo sayizi, lidinga ukuhlukaniswa ukuze lihlukanise iphakethe libe yizicucu eziningi ezifanele usayizi we-MTU wokudlulisela nokuhlanganisa kabusha kumamukeli.
Ku-Ethernet, i-MTU ngokuvamile ingamabhayithi angu-1500 ngosayizi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Ethernet ingadlulisela amaphakethe afika ku-1500 bytes ngosayizi. Uma usayizi wephakethe weqa umkhawulo we-MTU, iphakethe lihlukaniswa libe izingcezu ezincane ukuze lidluliselwe futhi lihlanganiswe kabusha endaweni okuyiwa kuyo. Ukuhlanganisa kabusha i-datagram ye-IP ehlukanisiwe kungenziwa kuphela umsingathi wendawo, futhi umzila ngeke wenze umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa kabusha.
Siphinde sakhuluma ngamasegimenti e-TCP ngaphambili, kodwa i-MSS imele Usayizi Wesigaba Esiphezulu, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile kuphrothokholi ye-TCP. I-MSS isho usayizi wengxenye yedatha ephezulu evunyelwe ukuthunyelwa ngoxhumano lwe-TCP. Ngokufanayo ne-MTU, i-MSS isetshenziselwa ukukhawulela usayizi wamaphakethe, kodwa yenza kanjalo kungqimba yezokuthutha, isendlalelo sephrothokholi ye-TCP. Iphrothokholi ye-TCP idlulisa idatha yesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza ngokuhlukanisa idatha kumasegimenti edatha amaningi, futhi usayizi wesegimenti ngayinye yedatha unqunyelwe i-MSS.
I-MTU yesixhumanisi sedatha ngayinye ihlukile ngoba uhlobo ngalunye oluhlukile lwesixhumanisi sedatha lusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukene. Ngokuya ngenjongo yokusebenzisa, ama-MTU ahlukene angabanjwa.
Ake sithi umthumeli ufuna ukuthumela idathagram enkulu engu-4000 byte ukuze idluliselwe ngesixhumanisi se-Ethernet, ngakho i-datagram idinga ukuhlukaniswa ibe ama-datagram amathathu amancane ukuze idluliselwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi usayizi wedathagram encane ngayinye awukwazi ukweqa umkhawulo we-MTU, okungamabhayithi angu-1500. Ngemva kokuthola ama-datagram amathathu amancane, umamukeli uwahlanganisa kabusha abe yi-datagram enkulu engu-4000 byte esekelwe enambeni yokulandelana kanye ne-offset yedathagram ngayinye.
Ekudluliselweni okuyiziqephu, ukulahleka kwengcezu kuzokwenza ukuthi yonke idathagram ye-IP ingasebenzi. Ukugwema lokhu, i-TCP yethule i-MSS, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa kusendlalelo se-TCP esikhundleni sosendlalelo se-IP. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi i-TCP inokulawula okunembe kakhudlwana phezu kosayizi wengxenye ngayinye, okugwema izinkinga ezihambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesendlalelo se-IP.
Ku-UDP, siyazama ukungathumeli iphakethe ledatha elikhulu kune-MTU. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-UDP iyiphrothokholi yezokuthutha egxile ekuxhumekeni, engahlinzeki ngezindlela ezithembekile nezidlulisa kabusha njenge-TCP. Uma sithumela iphakethe ledatha le-UDP elikhulu kune-MTU, lizohlukaniswa yisendlalelo se-IP ukuze sidluliselwe. Uma enye yezingcezu ilahleka, iphrothokholi ye-UDP ayikwazi ukudlulisa kabusha, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwedatha. Ngakho-ke, ukuze siqinisekise ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile, kufanele sizame ukulawula usayizi wamaphakethe wedatha we-UDP ngaphakathi kwe-MTU futhi sigweme ukudluliswa okuyizicucu.
I-Mylinking ™ Network Packet Brokeringakwazi ukuhlonza ngokuzenzakalela izinhlobo ezahlukene zephrothokholi yomhubhe i-VxLAN/NVGRE/IPoverIP/MPLS/GRE, njll., inganqunywa ngokuya ngephrofayili yomsebenzisi ngokuya ngokuphuma kokugeleza komhubhe kwezici zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle.
○ Ingabona amaphakethe elebula e-VLAN, QinQ, ne-MPLS
○ Ingakwazi ukuhlonza i-VLAN yangaphakathi nengaphandle
○ Amaphakethe e-IPv4/IPv6 angabonakala
○ Ingahlonza amaphakethe e-VxLAN, NVGRE, GRE, IPoverIP, GENEVE, MPLS
○ Amaphakethe Ahlukene E-IP angakhonjwa (Ubunikazi bokuhlukaniswa kwe-IP obusekelwe futhi busekela ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kokuhlukaniswa kwe-IP ukuze kusetshenziswe ukuhlunga kwesici se-L4 kuwo wonke amaphakethe okuhlukaniswa kwe-IP. Sebenzisa inqubomgomo yokuphuma kwethrafikhi.)
Kungani i-IP ihlukanisiwe futhi i-TCP ihlukaniswe?
Njengoba ekudlulisweni kwenethiwekhi, ungqimba lwe-IP luzohlukanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo iphakethe ledatha, noma ngabe isendlalelo se-TCP singahlukanisi idatha, iphakethe ledatha lizohlukaniswa ngokuzenzakalelayo yisendlalelo se-IP futhi lidluliselwe ngokujwayelekile. Ngakho kungani i-TCP idinga ukuhlukaniswa? Akukhona ukudlula ngokweqile lokho?
Ake sithi kukhona iphakethe elikhulu elingahlukaniswanga kungqimba lwe-TCP futhi elilahlekile ekuhambeni; I-TCP izoyidlulisela kabusha, kodwa kuphela kulo lonke iphakethe elikhulu (nakuba isendlalelo se-IP sihlukanisa idatha ibe amaphakethe amancane, ngalinye linobude be-MTU). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ungqimba lwe-IP alunandaba nokudluliswa okuthembekile kwedatha.
Ngamanye amazwi, ekuthuthweni komshini kusixhumanisi senethiwekhi, uma isendlalelo sezokuthutha sihlukanisa idatha, isendlalelo se-IP asiyinqamuli. Uma ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwanga kungqimba lwezokuthutha, ukuhlukana kungenzeka kusendlalelo se-IP.
Ngamagama alula, idatha yamasegimenti e-TCP ukuze isendlalelo se-IP singasahlukanisiwe, futhi lapho ukudluliswa kabusha kwenzeka, izingxenye ezincane kuphela zedatha ezihlukanisiwe zidluliselwa kabusha. Ngale ndlela, ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kokudlulisela kungathuthukiswa.
Uma i-TCP ihlukene, ingabe isendlalelo se-IP asihlukanisiwe?
Engxoxweni engenhla, sishilo ukuthi ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kwe-TCP kumthumeli, akukho ukuhlukana kwesendlalelo se-IP. Nokho, kungase kube nezinye izisetshenziswa zesendlalelo senethiwekhi kuso sonke isixhumanisi sokuthutha okungenzeka zibe neyunithi yokudlulisela ephezulu (i-MTU) encane kune-MTU kumthumeli. Ngakho-ke, noma iphakethe lihlukene phakathi komthumeli, liphinde lihlukaniswe njengoba lidlula isendlalelo se-IP salezi zixhobo. Ekugcineni, wonke ama-shards azohlanganiswa kumamukeli.
Uma singakwazi ukunquma ubuncane be-MTU kuso sonke isixhumanisi futhi sithumele idatha ngalobo bude, akukho ukuhlukana okuzokwenzeka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi i-node idatha edluliselwa kuyo. Le MTU encane phezu kwesixhumanisi sonke ibizwa ngokuthi indlela i-MTU (PMTU). Lapho iphakethe le-IP lifika kumzila, uma i-MTU yomzila ingaphansi kobude bephakethe futhi ifulege le-DF (Do Not Fragment) isethwe ku-1, i-router ngeke ikwazi ukuhlukanisa iphakethe futhi ingakwazi ukuyibeka kuphela. Kulokhu, umzila ukhiqiza umlayezo wephutha we-ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) obizwa ngokuthi "Ukuhlukana Kudingeka Kodwa I-DF Set." Lo mlayezo wephutha we-ICMP uzobuyiselwa ekhelini lomthombo ngenani le-MTU lomzila. Lapho umthumeli ethola umlayezo wephutha we-ICMP, angakwazi ukulungisa usayizi wephakethe ngokusekelwe kunani le-MTU ukuze agweme isimo esinqatshelwe sokuhlukana futhi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP kuyisidingo futhi kufanele kugwenywe kusendlalelo se-IP, ikakhulukazi kumadivayisi amaphakathi akusixhumanisi. Ngakho-ke, ku-IPv6, ukuhlukaniswa kwamaphakethe we-IP ngamadivayisi aphakathi kunqatshelwe, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwa kuphela ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwesixhumanisi.
Ukuqonda Okuyisisekelo kwe-IPv6
I-IPv6 iyinguqulo yesi-6 ye-Internet Protocol, elandela i-IPv4. I-IPv6 isebenzisa ubude bekheli obuyi-128-bit, enganikeza amakheli e-IP amaningi kunobude bekheli obungu-32-bit be-IPv4. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo yekheli le-IPv4 iyaphela kancane kancane, kuyilapho indawo yekheli le-IPv6 sikhulu kakhulu futhi ingahlangabezana nezidingo ze-inthanethi yesikhathi esizayo.
Uma ukhuluma nge-IPv6, ngaphezu kwesikhala samakheli esengeziwe, futhi kuletha ukuvikeleka okungcono nokulinganiswa, okusho ukuthi i-IPv6 inganikeza ulwazi lwenethiwekhi olungcono uma kuqhathaniswa ne-IPv4.
Yize i-IPv6 isinesikhathi eside ikhona, ukuthunyelwa kwayo emhlabeni jikelele kusahamba kancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-IPv6 idinga ukusebenzisana nenethiwekhi ekhona ye-IPv4, edinga ukuguqulwa nokufuduka. Nokho, ngokukhathala kwamakheli e-IPv4 kanye nesidingo esikhulayo se-IPv6, abahlinzeki besevisi ye-inthanethi abaningi ngokwengeziwe nezinhlangano bamukela kancane kancane i-IPv6, futhi kancane kancane baqaphela ukusebenza kwezitaki ezimbili ze-IPv6 ne-IPv4.
Isifinyezo
Kulesi sahluko, sibheke ngokujulile ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP nokuhlanganisa kabusha kusebenza kanjani. Izixhumanisi zedatha ezihlukene zineyunithi ehlukile yokudlulisa okukhulu (MTU). Uma usayizi wephakethe weqa umkhawulo we-MTU, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP kuhlukanisa iphakethe libe izingcezu ezincane eziningi ukuze lidluliselwe, futhi liphinde lihlanganiswe ephaketheni eliphelele ngendlela yokuhlanganisa kabusha i-IP ngemva kokufika endaweni. Inhloso yokuhlukaniswa kwe-TCP ukwenza isendlalelo se-IP singabe sisaba isinqamu, futhi sidlulisele kabusha idatha encane kuphela ehlukanisiwe lapho ukudluliswa kabusha kwenzeka, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisela nokuthembeka. Kodwa-ke, kungase kube namanye amadivayisi ezendlalelo zenethiwekhi kuso sonke isixhumanisi sezokuthutha okungenzeka ukuthi i-MTU yawo ibe yincane kunaleyo yomthumeli, ngakho-ke iphakethe lisazohlukaniswa futhi kusendlalelo se-IP kulawa madivayisi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesendlalelo se-IP kufanele kugwenywe ngangokunokwenzeka, ikakhulukazi kumadivayisi amaphakathi kusixhumanisi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-07-2025
