Namuhla, sizoqala ngokugxila ku-TCP. Ngaphambilini esahlukweni sokubeka izingqimba, sikhulume iphuzu elibalulekile. Kusendlalelo senethiwekhi nangaphansi, kumayelana nomsingathi ukubamba ukuxhumana, okusho ukuthi ikhompuyutha yakho idinga ukwazi ukuthi ikuphi enye ikhompuyutha ukuze ixhume kuyo. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana kunethiwekhi kuvame ukuxhumanisa ukuxhumana kunokuxhumana phakathi kwemishini. Ngakho-ke, iphrothokholi ye-TCP yethula umqondo wechweba. Imbobo ingahlalwa yinqubo eyodwa kuphela, ehlinzeka ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezinqubo zohlelo lokusebenza ezisebenza kubasingathi abahlukahlukene.
Umsebenzi wesendlalelo sezokuthutha indlela yokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumana eziqondile phakathi kwezinqubo zohlelo lokusebenza ezisebenza kubasingathi abahlukene, ngakho-ke yaziwa nangokuthi i-protocol yokuphela-kuya-ekupheleni. Isendlalelo sezokuthutha sifihla imininingwane ewumongo yenethiwekhi, sivumela inqubo yohlelo lokusebenza ukuthi ibone sengathi kukhona umzila wokuxhumana ozwakalayo ophuma ekupheleni phakathi kwezinkampani ezimbili zesendlalelo sezokuthutha.
I-TCP imele i-Transmission Control Protocol futhi yaziwa ngokuthi iphrothokholi egxile ekuxhumekeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa luqale ukuthumela idatha kolunye, izinqubo ezimbili kufanele zenze ukuxhawula. Ukuxhawula kuyinqubo exhumene ngokunengqondo eqinisekisa ukudluliswa okuthembekile nokwamukela ngokuhlelekile kwedatha. Ngesikhathi sokuxhawula, kuyasungulwa ukuxhumana phakathi komthombo kanye nabasingathi bendawo ngokushintshanisa uchungechunge lwamaphakethe okulawula nokuvumelana kwamanye amapharamitha nemithetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphumelelayo.
Iyini i-TCP? (I-Mylinking'sI-Network TapfuthiI-Network Packet Brokeringacubungula womabili amaphakethe e-TCP noma e-UDP)
I-TCP (Iphrothokholi Yokulawula Ukudlulisa) iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana eqondiswe ekuxhumekeni, ethembekile, esakazwa ku-byte-stream.
Kugxile ekuxhumekeni: I-Connection-oriented isho ukuthi ukuxhumana kwe-TCP kuyinto eyodwa kuya kweyodwa, okungukuthi, iphuzu-to-point ukuxhumana kokuphela kokuphela, ngokungafani ne-UDP, engathumela imilayezo kubabungazi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngakho ukuxhumana okukodwa kuya kwabaningi akukwazi ukufinyelelwa.
Uthembekile: Ukuthembeka kwe-TCP kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphakethe alethwa ngokuthembekile kumamukeli kungakhathaliseki izinguquko kusixhumanisi senethiwekhi, okwenza ifomethi yephakethe lephrothokholi ye-TCP ibe nzima kakhulu kunaleyo ye-UDP.
Isekelwe ku-Byte-stream: Imvelo esekelwe ku-byte-stream-based ye-TCP ivumela ukudluliswa kwemilayezo yanoma imuphi usayizi futhi iqinisekisa umyalo womlayezo: ngisho noma umlayezo wangaphambili ungakatholwa ngokugcwele, futhi noma ama-byte alandelayo atholiwe, i-TCP ngeke iwalethe kusendlalelo sesicelo ukuze icutshungulwe futhi izolahla ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphakethe ayimpinda.
Uma umsingathi u-A kanye nomsingathi B sebesungule uxhumano, uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga kuphela ukusebenzisa ulayini wokuxhumana obonakalayo ukuthumela nokwamukela idatha, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwedatha. Iphrothokholi ye-TCP inesibopho sokulawula imisebenzi efana nokusungulwa koxhumano, ukunqanyulwa, nokubamba. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapha sithi umugqa we-virtual usho kuphela ukusungula uxhumano, uxhumano lwe-protocol ye-TCP lubonisa kuphela ukuthi izinhlangothi ezimbili zingakwazi ukuqala ukudluliswa kwedatha, nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha. Izindawo zomzila nezokuthutha ziphathwa amadivaysi enethiwekhi; iphrothokholi ye-TCP ngokwayo ayinandaba nale mininingwane.
Uxhumano lwe-TCP luyisevisi ye-duplex egcwele, okusho ukuthi usokhaya A kanye nomsingathi B angadlulisela idatha kuzo zombili izinkomba ngoxhumo lwe-TCP. Okusho ukuthi, idatha ingadluliswa phakathi komsingathi A kanye nomsingathi B ngokugeleza okuphindwe kabili.
I-TCP igcina idatha okwesikhashana kusigcinalwazi sokuthumela soxhumano. Lesi sigcinalwazi sokuthumela singesinye sezilondolozi esisethwe ngesikhathi sokuxhawula izindlela ezintathu. Ngokulandelayo, i-TCP izothumela idatha kunqolobane yokuthumela kunqolobane yokwamukela yomsingathi wendawo ngesikhathi esifanele. Empeleni, untanga ngamunye uzoba nenqolobane yokuthumela kanye nenqolobane yokwamukela, njengoba kuboniswe lapha:
Ibhafa yokuthumela iyindawo yenkumbulo egcinwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-TCP ohlangothini lomthumeli esetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha ezothunyelwa. Uma ukuxhawula kwezindlela ezintathu kwenziwa ukuze kusungulwe uxhumano, inqolobane yokuthumela iyasethwa futhi isetshenziselwe ukugcina idatha. Isigcinalwazi sokuthumela silungiswa ngokuguquguqukayo ngokuya ngokuminyana kwenethiwekhi kanye nempendulo evela kumamukeli.
Ibhafa yokwamukela iyindawo yenkumbulo enakekelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-TCP ohlangothini lokwamukela esetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha etholiwe okwesikhashana. I-TCP igcina idatha etholiwe kunqolobane yokwamukela futhi ilinde uhlelo lokusebenza olungaphezulu ukuthi luyifunde.
Qaphela ukuthi usayizi wenqolobane yokuthumela kanye nokwamukela inqolobane inomkhawulo, lapho inqolobane isigcwele, i-TCP ingase isebenzise amasu athile, njengokulawula ukuminyana, ukulawula ukugeleza, njll., ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwedatha okuthembekile nokuzinza kwenethiwekhi.
Kumanethiwekhi ekhompyutha, ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwabasingathi kwenziwa ngamasegimenti. Ngakho yini ingxenye yephakethe?
I-TCP idala ingxenye ye-TCP, noma ingxenye yephakethe, ngokuhlukanisa ukusakaza okungenayo kube izingcezu futhi yengeze izihloko ze-TCP kusiqephu ngasinye. Isegimenti ngayinye ingadluliselwa kuphela isikhathi esilinganiselwe futhi ayikwazi ukweqa Usayizi Wesegimenti Ewumkhawulo (MSS). Endleleni yehla, ingxenye yephakethe idlula ungqimba lwesixhumanisi. Isendlalelo sesixhumanisi sine-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), okungusayizi omkhulu wephakethe ongadlula kusendlalelo sesixhumanisi sedatha. Iyunithi yokudlulisa ephezulu ivamise ukuhlobana nesixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana.
Ngakho-ke yini umehluko phakathi kwe-MSS ne-MTU?
Kumanethiwekhi amakhompiyutha, i-hierarchical architecture ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba icabangela umehluko phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene. Isendlalelo ngasinye sinegama elihlukile; oqwembeni lwezokuthutha, idatha ibizwa ngokuthi ingxenye, futhi kungqimba yenethiwekhi, idatha ibizwa ngokuthi iphakethe le-IP. Ngakho-ke, i-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) ingacatshangwa njengosayizi wepakethe ye-Maximum IP engadluliswa yisendlalelo senethiwekhi, kuyilapho i-Maximum Segment Size (MSS) ingumqondo wesendlalelo sokuthutha obhekisela enanini eliphezulu ledatha elingadluliswa yiphakethe le-TCP ngesikhathi.
Qaphela ukuthi uma usayizi we-Maximum Segment Size (MSS) mkhulu kune-Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), ukuhlukaniswa kwe-IP kuzokwenziwa kusendlalelo senethiwekhi, futhi i-TCP ngeke ihlukanise idatha enkulu ibe amasegimenti afanele usayizi we-MTU. Kuzoba nesigaba kusendlalelo senethiwekhi esinikezelwe kusendlalelo se-IP.
Isakhiwo sengxenye yephakethe le-TCP
Ake sihlole ifomethi nokuqukethwe kwezihloko ze-TCP.
Inombolo yokulandelana: Inombolo engahleliwe ekhiqizwe ikhompuyutha lapho uxhumano lusungulwa njengenani laso lokuqala lapho uxhumano lwe-TCP lusungulwa, futhi inombolo yokulandelana ithunyelwa kumamukeli ngephakethe le-SYN. Ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwedatha, umthumeli unyusa inombolo yokulandelana ngokwenani ledatha ethunyelwe. Umamukeli wehlulela ukuhleleka kwedatha ngokwenombolo yokulandelana etholiwe. Uma idatha itholwa ingekho emthethweni, umamukeli uzohlela kabusha idatha ukuze aqinisekise ukuhleleka kwedatha.
Inombolo yokuvuma: Lena inombolo yokulandelana esetshenziswa ku-TCP ukuze kugunyazwe ukwamukelwa kwedatha. Ibonisa inombolo yokulandelana kwedatha elandelayo umthumeli alindele ukuyithola. Kuxhumo lwe-TCP, umamukeli unquma ukuthi iyiphi idatha etholwe ngempumelelo ngokusekelwe kunombolo yokulandelana kwesegimenti yephakethe ledatha etholiwe. Uma umamukeli ethola idatha ngempumelelo, uthumela iphakethe le-ACK kumthumeli, eliqukethe inombolo yokuvuma. Ngemva kokuthola iphakethe le-ACK, umthumeli angaqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ngaphambi kokwazisa inombolo yempendulo itholwe ngempumelelo.
Izingcezu zokulawula zengxenye ye-TCP zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
I-ACK kancane: Uma leli bhithi lingu-1, kusho ukuthi inkambu yempendulo yokuvuma ivumelekile. I-TCP icacisa ukuthi le bhithi kufanele isethelwe ku-1 ngaphandle kwamaphakethe e-SYN lapho uxhumano lusungulwa ekuqaleni.
Idatha ye-RST: Uma lokhu okuncane kungu-1, kubonisa ukuthi kukhona okuhlukile ekuxhumekeni kwe-TCP futhi uxhumano kufanele luphoqwe ukuthi lunqanyulwe.
I-SYN encane: Uma le bhithi isethelwe ku-1, kusho ukuthi uxhumano luzosungulwa futhi inani lokuqala lenombolo yokulandelana lisethwe kunkambu yenombolo yokulandelana.
FIN kancane: Uma le bit ingu-1, kusho ukuthi ayisekho idatha ezothunyelwa esikhathini esizayo futhi uxhumano luyafuneka.
Imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye nezici ze-TCP zihlanganiswe ukwakheka kwamasegimenti ephakethe le-TCP.
Iyini i-UDP? (I-MylinkingI-Network TapfuthiI-Network Packet Brokeringacubungula womabili amaphakethe e-TCP noma e-UDP)
I-User Datagram Protocol (UDP) iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana engaxhumeki. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-TCP, i-UDP ayinikezi izindlela zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Iphrothokholi ye-UDP ivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi zithumele ngokuqondile amaphakethe e-IP ahlanganisiwe ngaphandle kokusungula uxhumano. Uma unjiniyela ekhetha ukusebenzisa i-UDP esikhundleni se-TCP, uhlelo lokusebenza luxhumana ngqo ne-IP.
Igama eliphelele le-UDP Protocol yiProtocol ye-User Datagram, futhi isihloko sayo singamabhayithi ayisishiyagalombili kuphela (amabhithi angama-64), okufushane kakhulu. Ifomethi yesihloko se-UDP imi kanje:
Indawo kanye nezimbobo zomthombo: Injongo yabo eyinhloko iwukukhombisa ukuthi iyiphi inqubo i-UDP okufanele ithumele kuyo amaphakethe.
Usayizi wephakethe: Inkambu kasayizi wephakethe iphethe usayizi wesihloko se-UDP kanye nosayizi wedatha
I-Checksum: Idizayinelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa okuthembekile kwezihloko ze-UDP kanye nedatha Indima yesheke ukuthola ukuthi ingabe iphutha noma inkohlakalo yenzekile ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwephakethe le-UDP ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bedatha.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-TCP ne-UDP ku-Mylinking'sI-Network TapfuthiI-Network Packet Brokeringacubungula womabili amaphakethe e-TCP noma e-UDP
I-TCP ne-UDP zihlukile kulezi zici ezilandelayo:
Ukuxhumana: I-TCP iphrothokholi yezokuthutha egxile ekuxhumekeni edinga uxhumano ukuze lusungulwe ngaphambi kokuthi idatha idluliswe. I-UDP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayidingi uxhumano futhi ingadlulisela idatha ngokushesha.
Into Yesevisi: I-TCP iyisevisi yamaphoyinti amabili kuya kweyodwa, okungukuthi, uxhumano luneziphetho ezimbili kuphela zokuxhumana nomunye nomunye. Nokho, i-UDP isekela ukuxhumana okukodwa kuya kokukodwa, kokukodwa kuya kwabaningi, nokuningi kuya kwabaningi, okungaxhumana nababungazi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukwethembeka: I-TCP inikeza isevisi yokuletha idatha ngokuthembekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ayinamaphutha, ayilahleki, ayiphindi, futhi ifika ngokufunwa. I-UDP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenza umzamo wayo omuhle kakhulu futhi ayiqinisekisi ukulethwa okuthembekile. I-UDP ingase ihlupheke ngokulahleka kwedatha nezinye izimo ngesikhathi sokudlulisela.
Ukulawula ukuminyana, ukulawula ukugeleza: I-TCP inokulawula ukuminyana kanye nezindlela zokulawula ukugeleza, ezingalungisa izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha ngokuvumelana nezimo zenethiwekhi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuzinza kokudluliswa kwedatha. I-UDP ayinazo izindlela zokulawula ukuminyana kanye nokulawula ukugeleza, ngisho noma inethiwekhi iminyene kakhulu, ngeke yenze izinguquko kuzinga lokuthumela le-UDP.
Unhlokweni ngaphezulu: I-TCP inobude besihloko eside, ngokuvamile esingamabhayithi angu-20, okwandayo lapho kusetshenziswa izinkambu zenketho. I-UDP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inesihloko esingaguquki esingamabhayithi angu-8 kuphela, ngakho i-UDP inekhanda eliphansi elingaphezulu.
Izimo zesicelo se-TCP ne-UDP:
I-TCP ne-UDP ziyizivumelwano ezimbili ezihlukene zesendlalelo sezokuthutha, futhi zinokuhluka okuthile kuzimo zohlelo lokusebenza.
Njengoba i-TCP iyiphrothokholi egxile ekuxhumekeni, isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezimeni lapho kudingeka khona ukulethwa kwedatha okuthembekile. Ezinye izimo ezivamile zokusetshenziswa zihlanganisa:
Ukudlulisa ifayela le-FTP: I-TCP ingaqinisekisa ukuthi amafayela awalahleki futhi awonakele ngesikhathi sokudlulisa.
I-HTTP/HTTPS: I-TCP iqinisekisa ubuqotho nokunemba kokuqukethwe kwewebhu.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-UDP iyiphrothokholi engaxhunywanga, ayinikezi isiqinisekiso sokwethenjelwa, kodwa inezici zokusebenza kahle nesikhathi sangempela. I-UDP ifanele lezi zimo ezilandelayo:
Ithrafikhi yephakethe eliphansi, njenge-DNS (Isistimu Yegama Lesizinda): Imibuzo ye-DNS ivamise ukuba ngamaphakethe amafushane, futhi i-UDP ingawaqedela ngokushesha.
Ukuxhumana kwe-multimedia njengevidiyo nomsindo: Ngokudluliswa kwe-multimedia enezidingo eziphezulu zesikhathi sangempela, i-UDP inganikeza ukubambezeleka okuphansi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi idatha ingadluliselwa ngesikhathi.
Ukuxhumana kokusakaza: I-UDP isekela ukuxhumana phakathi kokukodwa kuya kokuningi nokuningi kuya kwabaningi futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imiyalezo yokusakaza.
Isifinyezo
Namuhla sifunde nge-TCP. I-TCP iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana eqondiswe ekuxhumekeni, ethembekile, esakazwa ku-byte-stream. Iqinisekisa ukudluliswa okuthembekile nokwamukela ngokuhlelekile kwedatha ngokusungula ukuxhumana, ukuxhawula nokuvuma. Iphrothokholi ye-TCP isebenzisa izimbobo ukuze ibone ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo, futhi ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumana eziqondile zezinqubo zohlelo lokusebenza ezisebenza kubasingathi abahlukahlukene. Ukuxhumeka kwe-TCP kuyi-duplex egcwele, evumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okuqondiswa kabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngokuphambene, i-UDP iyiphrothokholi yokuxhumana egxile ekuxhumekeni, enganikezi iziqinisekiso zokwethenjelwa futhi ifanele ezinye izimo ezinezidingo eziphezulu zesikhathi sangempela. I-TCP ne-UDP zihlukile kwimodi yokuxhuma, into yesevisi, ukwethembeka, ukulawula ukuminyana, ukulawulwa kokugeleza nezinye izici, futhi izimo zabo zohlelo lokusebenza nazo zihlukile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-03-2024
