Namuhla, sizoqala ngokugxila ku-TCP. Phambilini esahlukweni se-walering, sasho iphuzu elibalulekile. Eseceleni kwenethiwekhi nangaphansi, kungcono kakhulu ngomninikhaya ukubamba ukuxhumana, okusho ukuthi ikhompyutha yakho idinga ukwazi ukuthi enye ikhompyutha izokuxhuma kuphi. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana kwinethiwekhi kuvame ukufakwa ekuxhumaneni kunokuxhumana kwe-intermachine. Ngakho-ke, i-TCP Protocol yethula umqondo wePort. Ichweba lingahlala ngenqubo eyodwa kuphela, elinikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezinqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kuma-host ahlukene.
Umsebenzi wesendlalelo sezokuthutha ukuthi ungasinikeza kanjani izinsizakalo zokuxhumana eziqondile phakathi kwezinqubo zesicelo ezisebenza kuma-Poerts ahlukene, ngakho-ke kuyaziwa ngokuthi i-End Protocol. Isendlalelo sezokuthutha sifihla imininingwane esemqoka yenethiwekhi, okuvumela inqubo yokufaka isicelo ukubona ukuthi kunesiteshi sokuxhumana esinengqondo sokugcina phakathi kwezinhlaka ezimbili zokuhamba.
I-TCP imele umthetho wokulawula ukuhambisa futhi yaziwa njengephrothokholi ethambekele ekuxhumekeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kohlelo lokusebenza olulodwa lungaqala ukuthumela idatha kolunye, izinqubo ezimbili kufanele zenze ukuxhawula. I-Handshake yinqubo exhunywe ngokunengqondo eqinisekisa ukudluliselwa okuthembekile kanye nokwamukelwa okuhlelekile kwedatha. Ngesikhathi sokuxhashazwa, ukuxhumana kusungulwe phakathi komthombo kanye nama-Destination amabutho ngokushintshana ngochungechunge lwamaphakethe okulawula futhi uvuma amapharamitha athile nemithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuphumelelayo kwedatha.
Yini i-tcp? (UkunqamulaThepha ngenethiwekhina-Broker ye-Network Packetingacubungula amaphakethe womabili ama-tcp noma ama-UDP)
I-TCP (Iphrothokholi Yokulawula Ukudluliselwa) iyisithako sokuxhumana, esithembekile, se-Byte-Stream based Searth Leartiotion Comrant.
Kuthambekele ekuxhumeni: Kusho ukuthini ukuthi ukuxhumana okuphakathi kwe-TCP kukodwa, okungukuthi, okungukuthi, ukuphambana kokuphela kokuxhumana, ngokungahambisani ne-UDP, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana okukodwa kuyatholakala.
-Qotho: Ukwethenjwa kwe-TCP kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphakethe alethwa ngokuthembekile nalowo owemukelayo kungakhathalekile ukuthi ushintsho ku-Link Link, okwenza ifomethi yephakethe le-protocol le-TCP liyinkimbinkimbi ukwedlula le-UDP.
I-Byte-Diread-based: Isimo esisuselwa ekusakazweni kwe-TCP sivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo yanoma yiluphi usayizi futhi kuqinisekisa i-oda lomlayezo: noma ngabe umyalezo owedlule awutholwa ngokuphelele, futhi noma ngabe umyalezo owedlule awutholwanga ngokuphelele, futhi noma ngabe amabhayithi angaphansi atholakele ngokugcwele, futhi noma ngabe ama-Byte alandelayo atholiwe, futhi noma ngabe amabhayithi alandelayo atholakele, futhi noma ngabe ama-Byte alandelayo atholiwe, futhi noma ngabe ama-byte alandelayo atholiwe, futhi noma ngabe ama-byte alandelayo atholakele, futhi noma ngabe ama-byte alandelayo atholakele, futhi noma ngabe ama-byte alandelayo atholakele engxenyeni yesicelo yokucutshungulwa futhi azokwehla ngokuzenzakalelayo amaphakethe aphindwe kabili.
Uma usuphethe i-A futhi ubambe B usungule ukuxhumana, uhlelo lokusebenza ludinga kuphela ukusebenzisa umugqa wokuxhumana ozothumela nokwamukela idatha, ngaleyo ndlela uqinisekise ukuhanjiswa kwedatha. Iphrothokholi ye-TCP inesibopho sokulawula imisebenzi efana nokusungulwa kokuxhumeka, ukunqanyulwa, nokubamba. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapha sithi umugqa obonakalayo usho kuphela ukusungula ukuxhumana, ukuxhumana kwe-TCP protocol kukhombisa ukuthi izinhlangothi zombili zingaqala ukuhanjiswa kwedatha, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukwethenjwa kwedatha. Izindawo zokuhamba nezithutha ziphathwa ngamadivayisi wenethiwekhi; I-TCP protocol ngokwayo ayikhathaleli le mininingwane.
Ukuxhumeka kwe-TCP kuyinkonzo ephelele ye-duplex, okusho ukuthi lowo mgcini we-A no-Host B angadlulisela idatha kuzo zombili izinkomba kuxhumano lwe-TCP. Okungukuthi, idatha ingadluliswa phakathi kokusingathwa kwe-A futhi umphathi b ekugeniseni okufuywayo.
I-TCP igcina idatha okwesikhashana ku-Thumpfer yokuxhumana. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kwe-buffer kungenye yezindawo ezinqunyelwe ngesikhathi sezindlela ezintathu. Kamuva, i-TCP izothumela imininingwane kwi-cache yokuthumela ekwamukelweni kwenqolobane yomgcini wendawo oya kuyo ngesikhathi esifanele. Empeleni, untanga ngamunye uzoba nesilondolozi sokuthumela ne-cache, njengoba kukhonjisiwe lapha:
I-Send Buffer yindawo yememori egcinwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-TCP ohlangothini lomthumeli olusetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha okwesikhashana okufanele ithunyelwe. Lapho ukwenziwa ngesandla kwezindlela ezintathu kwenziwa ukusungula ukuxhumana, ukuthumela i-cache kusekwe futhi kusetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha. I-Send Buffer iguqulwa ngamandla ngokuya ngokuxinana kwenethiwekhi kanye nempendulo evela kulowo owemukelayo.
I-Subf Buffer yindawo yememori egcinwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-TCP ohlangothini lokuthola olusetshenziselwa ukugcina okwesikhashana idatha etholwe okwesikhashana. I-TCP igcina idatha etholakele ekwamusheni i-cache futhi ilindela uhlelo olungenhla ukuyifunda.
Qaphela ukuthi usayizi wokuthumela i-cache bese uthola i-cache kukhawulelwe, lapho i-cache igcwele, i-TCP ingathatha amasu athile, njengokulawula ukugcwala, ukuqina kokuqina, ukuqina kwenethiwekhi.
Kumanethiwekhi ekhompyutha, ukudluliswa kwedatha phakathi kwama-hosts kwenziwa ngezigaba. Manje yini ingxenye yephakethe?
I-TCP idala ingxenye ye-TCP, noma ingxenye yepakethe, ngokuhlukanisa ukusakazwa okungenayo kube ama-chunks futhi engeza izihloko ze-TCP kwi-chunk ngayinye. Ingxenye ngayinye ingadluliselwa kuphela isikhathi esilinganiselwe sesikhathi futhi ayikwazi ukweqa ubukhulu besigaba (MSS). Endleleni phansi, ingxenye yephakethe idlula engxenyeni yokuxhumanisa. Isendlalelo sesixhumanisi sineyunithi ephezulu yokuhambisa (i-MTU), okungusayizi omkhulu wephakethe ongadlula engxenyeni yesixhumanisi sedatha. Iyunithi ephezulu yokuhambisa imvamisa ihlobene nesibonisi sokuxhumana.
Manje umehluko phakathi kwe-MSS ne-MTU?
Kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha, ukwakhiwa kwe-Hierarchical kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kudinga umehluko phakathi kwamazinga ahlukile. Ungqimba ngalunye lunegama elihlukile; Eseceleni kwezokuthutha, imininingwane ibizwa ngengxenye, nakulondla lwenethiwekhi, imininingwane ibizwa ngepakethe le-IP. Ngakho-ke, iyunithi ephezulu yokuhambisa (i-MTU) ingacatshangelwa ukuthi usayizi omkhulu wephakethe le-IP angadluliselwa ungqimba lwenethiwekhi, ngenkathi usayizi omkhulu wesendlalelo (i-MSS) ngumqondo wesethi wezinto ophelele obhekisa kwirejithi ephezulu engadluliselwa ngepakethe le-TCP ngasikhathi.
Qaphela ukuthi lapho ubukhulu besegment (i-MSS) bukhulu kuneyunithi ephezulu yokuhambisa (i-MTU), ukuqhekeka kwe-IP kuzokwenziwa ethangeni lenethiwekhi, futhi i-TCP ngeke ihlukanise imininingwane emikhulu ibe izingxenye ezilungele usayizi we-MTU. Kuzoba nesigaba esiseceleni kwesendlalelo senethiwekhi esizinikezele kungqimba ye-IP.
Isakhiwo se-TCP Packet Segment
Ake sihlole ifomethi nokuqukethwe kwezihloko ze-TCP.
Inombolo yokulandelana: Inombolo engahleliwe ekhishwe yikhompyutha lapho ukuxhumeka kusungulwa njengenani lako lokuqala lapho uxhumano lwe-TCP lusunguliwe, futhi inombolo yokulandelana ithunyelwa kumephuli ngepakethe yokunye. Ngesikhathi sokuhanjiswa kwedatha, umthumeli ukhula ngenombolo yokulandelana ngokuya ngenani ledatha ethunyelwe. Owemukelayo wahlulela ukuhleleka kwemininingwane ngokuya ngenombolo yokulandelana etholakele. Uma idatha itholakala ngaphandle kokuhleleka, owemukelayo uzohlela kabusha imininingwane ukuqinisekisa ukuhleleka kwedatha.
Inombolo yokuvuma: Le yinombolo yokulandelana esetshenziswa ku-TCP ukuvuma ukutholwa kwedatha. Kubonisa inombolo yokulandelana kwedatha elandelayo umthumeli alindele ukuyithola. Ekuxhumekeni kwe-TCP, owemukelayo unquma ukuthi iyiphi idatha etholwe ngempumelelo ngokususelwa kwinombolo yokulandelana kwengxenye yepakethe yedatha etholakele. Lapho owamukelayo ethola ngempumelelo imininingwane, ithumela iphakethe le-ACK liye kumthumeli, eliqukethe inani lokuvuma lokuvuma. Ngemuva kokuthola iphakethe le-ACK, umthumeli angakuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ngaphambi kokuvuma ukuthi inombolo yempendulo itholwe ngempumelelo.
Ukulawulwa kwengxenye yengxenye ye-TCP kufaka phakathi okulandelayo:
Ack kancane: Lapho lokhu kungu-1, kusho ukuthi insimu yokuphendula yokuvuma isebenza. I-TCP icacisa ukuthi lokhu okuncane kufanele kusethwe ku-1 ngaphandle kwamaphakethe afanayo lapho ukuxhumana kuqala kusungulwe ekuqaleni.
Rst kancane: Lapho lokhu kuncipha kungu-1, kukhombisa ukuthi kukhona okuhlukile ekuxhumekeni kwe-TCP futhi ukuxhumana kumele kuphoqeleke ukuthi kunqanyulwe.
Shintsha kancane: Lapho lokhu okuncane kusethelwe ku-1, kusho ukuthi ukuxhumana kufanele kusungulwe futhi inani lokuqala lenombolo yokulandelana lisethwe kwinkambu yenombolo yokulandelana.
Kancane: Lapho lokhu kungu-1, kusho ukuthi akusekho idatha ezothunyelwa ngokuzayo futhi ukuxhumana kufiswa.
Imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye nezimpawu ze-TCP zifakwe yisakhiwo sezingxenye zephakethe le-TCP.
Yini i-UDP? (Im-mylinking'sThepha ngenethiwekhina-Broker ye-Network Packetingacubungula amaphakethe womabili ama-TCP noma ama-UDP)
Iphrothokholi yomsebenzisi (i-UDP) i-protocol yokuxhumana engenayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-TCP, i-UDP ayinikezi izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokulawula. I-Protocol ye-UDP ivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ukuthi zithumele ngokuqondile amaphakethe we-IP ahlanganisiwe ngaphandle kokuthola ukuxhumana. Lapho unjiniyela ekhetha ukusebenzisa i-UDP esikhundleni se-TCP, uhlelo lokusebenza luxhumana ngqo ne-IP.
Igama eligcwele le-Protocol ye-UDP ngumsebenzisi wedatha yedatha, futhi unhlokweni wayo amabhayithi ayisishiyagalombili kuphela (amabhithi angama-64), okumfushane kakhulu. Ifomethi yekhanda le-UDP imi ngalendlela elandelayo:
Ukuphela namachweba womthombo: Injongo yabo eyinhloko ukukhombisa ukuthi iyiphi inqubo ye-UDP okufanele ithumele amaphakethe.
Usayizi wephakethe: Inkambu kasayizi wephakethe ibambe usayizi wekhanda le-UDP kanye nosayizi wedatha
Isisu: Yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa okuthembekile kwezihloko ze-UDP nedatha Indima ye-Checksum ukuthola ukuthi ngabe iphutha noma inkohliso sekwenzeke ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwepakethe le-UDP ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-TCP ne-UDP ku-Mylinking'sThepha ngenethiwekhina-Broker ye-Network Packetingacubungula amaphakethe womabili ama-tcp noma ama-UDP
I-TCP ne-UDP yehlukile kulezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Isihlobo: I-TCP i-protocol yokuxhumeka ethambekele ekuxhumekeni okudinga ukuthi uxhumano lusungulwe ngaphambi kokuthi kudluliselwe idatha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UDP ayidingi ukuxhumana futhi ikwazi ukudlulisa idatha ngokushesha.
Into yesevisi: I-TCP iyinkonzo yamaphoyinti amabili kuya komunye, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokuxhumana nabanye. Kodwa-ke, i-UDP isekela eyodwa-kuya ku-to-to-mant, kanye nokuxhumana okuningi okusebenzayo, okungaxhumana namabutho amaningi ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuthembeka: I-TCP ihlinzeka ngensizakalo yokuhambisa idatha ethembekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ayinaphutha, mahhala ukulahleka, ayiphindwe kabili, futhi ifika ngokufunwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UDP yenza umzamo wayo omuhle kakhulu futhi ayiqinisekisi ukulethwa okuthembekile. I-UDP ingahlushwa ukulahleka kwedatha nezinye izimo ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Cololithion, Ukulawula Ukugeleza: I-TCP inama-control control and flow control izindlela, ezingalungisa isilinganiso sokudluliswa kwedatha ngokuya ngezimo zenethiwekhi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuqina kokudluliselwa kwedatha. I-UDP ayinakho ukulawulwa kokulawulwa kokugqwayiza kanye nezindlela zokulawula ukuhamba, noma ngabe inethiwekhi igcwele kakhulu, ngeke yenze ushintsho kumanani okuthumela we-UDP.
Ikhanda elibheke phezulu: I-TCP inobude obude bekhanda, ngokujwayelekile ama-byte angama-20, akhuphuka lapho kusetshenziswa izinkundla zokukhetha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-UDP inekhanda elimisiwe lama-byte ayi-8 kuphela, ngakho-ke i-UDP inesihloko esiphansi.
Izimo zesicelo ze-TCP ne-UDP:
I-TCP ne-UDP yizivumelwano ezimbili ezihlukene zokuhamba ze-Testtion ungqimba, futhi zinomehluko othile ezimweni zohlelo lokusebenza.
Njengoba i-TCP i-protocol ethambekele ekuxhumekeni, isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezimweni lapho kudingeka khona ukulethwa kwedatha okuthembekile. Amanye amacala ajwayelekile wokusebenzisa afaka:
Ukudluliswa kwefayela le-FTP: I-TCP ingaqinisekisa ukuthi amafayela awalahleki futhi awonakaliswe ngesikhathi sokudlulisela.
Http / https: I-TCP iqinisekisa ubuqotho kanye nokunemba kokuqukethwe kwewebhu.
Ngoba i-UDP iyi-protocol ephelele, ayinikezi isiqinisekiso sokuthembela, kepha inezimpawu zokusebenza kahle kanye nesikhathi sangempela. I-UDP ilungele lezi zimo ezilandelayo:
Ithrafikhi ephansi yephakethe, njenge-DNS (uhlelo lwegama lesizinda): Imibuzo ye-DNS imvamisa amaphakethe amafushane, futhi i-UDP ingaziqedela ngokushesha.
Ukuxhumana kwe-Multimedia njengevidiyo nomsindo: Ukudluliswa kwe-multimedia ngezidingo eziphakeme zesikhathi sangempela, i-UDP inganikeza nge-latency ephansi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha ingadluliselwa ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ukuxhumana okusakazwayo: I-UDP isekela ukuxhumana okukodwa nokuningi-to-amaningi futhi kungasetshenziselwa ukuhanjiswa kwemiyalezo yokusakaza.
Ukubeka kafushane
Namuhla sifunde nge-TCP. I-TCP iyinhlangano ethambekele yokuxhumana, ethembekile, esekelwa ngokusekelwa kokuxhumana okusekelwe ekuhambeni kwesendlalelo. Iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okuthembekile nokuhlelwa okuhlelekile kwedatha ngokusungula ukuxhumeka, ukuxhawula nokuvuma. I-Protocol ye-TCP isebenzisa amachweba okubona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinqubo, futhi ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuxhumana eziqondile zezinqubo zokusebenzisa ezisebenza kumaProup ahlukahlukene. Ukuxhumeka kwe-TCP kuyinto ephelele i-Dumplex, kuvumela ukudluliselwa kwedatha ye-bitirectional kanyekanye. Ngokuphambene, i-UDP iyinhlangano esetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okuhlangene, engahlinzeki ngokuthembekile iziqinisekiso futhi ilungele ezinye zezimo ezinezidingo eziphakeme zesikhathi sangempela. I-TCP ne-UDP yehlukile kwimodi yokuxhuma, into ethembekile, ukuthembeka, ukulawulwa kokuhlangana, ukulawulwa kokugeleza kanye nezinye izici, futhi izimo zabo zohlelo zihlukile.
Isikhathi sePosi: Dec-03-2024
