Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinsizakalo zamafu, inethiwekhi ihlukaniswa kancane kancane ibe yi-Underlay kanye ne-Overlay. Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay iyimishini ebonakalayo efana nokuqondisa nokushintshanisa esikhungweni sedatha sendabuko, esisakholelwa emcabangweni wokuzinza futhi sinikeza amakhono okudlulisa idatha yenethiwekhi athembekile. I-Overlay inethiwekhi yebhizinisi ehlanganiswe kuyo, eduze nesevisi, ngokusebenzisa i-VXLAN noma i-GRE protocol encapsulation, ukuhlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezinsizakalo zenethiwekhi ezilula ukuzisebenzisa. Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay kanye nenethiwekhi ye-Ooverlay zihlobene futhi ziyahlukana, futhi zihlobene futhi zingaguquka ngokuzimela.
Inethiwekhi ye-Underlay iyisisekelo senethiwekhi. Uma inethiwekhi ye-underlay ingazinzile, ayikho i-SLA yebhizinisi. Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi enezingqimba ezintathu kanye nokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ye-Fat-Tree, ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yesikhungo sedatha kuyashintsha kuye kukwakhiwa kwe-Spine-Leaf, okwaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwesithathu kwemodeli yenethiwekhi ye-CLOS.
Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yesikhungo sedatha sendabuko
Umklamo Wezingqimba Ezintathu
Kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2007, ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi enamazinga amathathu kwakuthandwa kakhulu ezikhungweni zedatha. Inezendlalelo ezintathu: ungqimba oluyinhloko (umgogodla wokushintsha okusheshayo kwenethiwekhi), ungqimba lokuhlanganisa (olunikeza ukuxhumana okusekelwe kunqubomgomo), kanye nongqimba lokufinyelela (oluxhumanisa izindawo zokusebenza nenethiwekhi). Imodeli imi kanje:
Ukwakhiwa Kwenethiwekhi Okunezendlalelo Ezintathu
I-Core Layer: Ama-core switch ahlinzeka ngokudluliselwa okusheshayo kwamaphakethe ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesikhungo sedatha, ukuxhumeka ezingqimbeni eziningi zokuhlanganisa, kanye nenethiwekhi yokuqondisa ye-L3 eqinile evame ukukhonza inethiwekhi yonke.
Isendlalelo Sokuhlanganisa: Iswishi yokuhlanganisa ixhuma kwiswishi yokufinyelela futhi inikeza ezinye izinsizakalo, njengomlilo, ukukhishwa kwe-SSL, ukutholwa kokungena, ukuhlaziywa kwenethiwekhi, njll.
Isendlalelo Sokufinyelela: Amaswishi okufinyelela ngokuvamile asezingeni eliphezulu le-Rack, ngakho-ke abizwa nangokuthi amaswishi e-ToR (Top of Rack), futhi axhuma ngokomzimba kumaseva.
Ngokuvamile, iswishi yokuhlanganisa iyiphuzu lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamanethiwekhi e-L2 ne-L3: inethiwekhi ye-L2 ingaphansi kweswishi yokuhlanganisa, kanti inethiwekhi ye-L3 ingaphezulu. Iqembu ngalinye leswishi yokuhlanganisa liphatha i-Point Of Delivery (POD), kanti i-POD ngayinye iyinethiwekhi ye-VLAN ezimele.
Iphrothokholi ye-Network Loop kanye ne-Spanning Tree
Ukwakheka kwama-loop kubangelwa kakhulu ukudideka okubangelwa izindlela ezingacacile zokuya lapho uya khona. Lapho abasebenzisi bakha amanethiwekhi, ukuze baqinisekise ukuthembeka, bavame ukusebenzisa amadivayisi angadingeki kanye nezixhumanisi ezingadingeki, ukuze ama-loop akheke ngokungenakugwenywa. Inethiwekhi yesigaba sesi-2 isesizindeni esifanayo sokusakaza, futhi amaphakethe okusakaza azodluliselwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ku-loop, akhe isiphepho sokusakaza, esingabangela ukuvaleka kwe-port kanye nokukhubazeka kwemishini ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuvinjelwe iziphepho zokusakaza, kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-loop.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwama-loop nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, kungenzeka kuphela ukuguqula amadivayisi angadingeki kanye nezixhumanisi ezingadingeki zibe amadivayisi okusekelayo kanye nezixhumanisi zokusekelayo. Okusho ukuthi, ama-port nezixhumanisi zedivayisi ezingadingeki zivinjelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile futhi azihlanganyeli ekudlulisweni kwamaphakethe edatha. Kuphela uma idivayisi yokudlulisela yamanje, i-port, ukwehluleka kwesixhumanisi, okuholela ekuminyaneni kwenethiwekhi, ama-port nezixhumanisi zedivayisi ezingadingeki kuzovulwa, ukuze inethiwekhi ibuyiselwe esimweni esijwayelekile. Lokhu kulawula okuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa yi-Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Iphrothokholi yesihlahla esibanzi isebenza phakathi kwesendlalelo sokufinyelela kanye nesendlalelo sesinki, futhi enkabeni yayo kukhona i-algorithm yesihlahla esibanzi esebenza kubhuloho ngalinye elinikwe amandla yi-STP, eklanyelwe ngqo ukugwema ukubopha izihibe lapho kunezindlela ezingafuneki. I-STP ikhetha indlela yedatha engcono kakhulu yokudlulisa imiyalezo futhi ayivumeli lezo zixhumanisi ezingeyona ingxenye yesihlahla esibanzi, okushiya indlela eyodwa esebenzayo phakathi kwanoma yimaphi ama-node amabili enethiwekhi kanye nenye i-uplink ezovinjelwa.
I-STP inezinzuzo eziningi: ilula, ixhumeka futhi idlale, futhi ayidingi ukucushwa okuningi kakhulu. Imishini engaphakathi kwe-pod ngayinye ingeyase-VLAN efanayo, ngakho-ke iseva ingathutha indawo ngokunganaki ngaphakathi kwe-pod ngaphandle kokushintsha ikheli le-IP kanye nesango.
Noma kunjalo, izindlela zokudlulisela phambili ezihambisanayo azikwazi ukusetshenziswa yi-STP, okuzohlala kukhubaza izindlela ezingafuneki ngaphakathi kwe-VLAN. Okubi kwe-STP:
1. Ukuhlangana kancane kwe-topology. Lapho i-topology yenethiwekhi ishintsha, inqubo yesihlahla esibanzi ithatha imizuzwana engama-50-52 ukuqedela ukuhlangana kwe-topology.
2, ayikwazi ukunikeza umsebenzi wokulinganisela umthwalo. Uma kukhona iluphu kunethiwekhi, iphrothokholi yesihlahla esibanzi ingavimba iluphu kuphela, ukuze isixhumanisi singadluliseli amaphakethe edatha, sichithe izinsiza zenethiwekhi.
Ukwenziwa Kwezinto Zibukeke Kahle kanye Nezinselele Zethrafikhi Empumalanga Nasentshonalanga
Ngemva kuka-2010, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zokubala kanye nesitoreji, izikhungo zedatha zaqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-virtualization, futhi inani elikhulu lemishini ebonakalayo laqala ukuvela kunethiwekhi. Ubuchwepheshe be-virtual buguqula iseva ibe amaseva amaningi anengqondo, i-VM ngayinye ingasebenza ngokuzimela, ine-OS yayo, i-APP, ikheli layo le-MAC elizimele kanye nekheli le-IP, futhi zixhuma entweni yangaphandle nge-virtual switch (vSwitch) ngaphakathi kweseva.
Ukwenziwa kwe-Virtualization kunesidingo esihambisanayo: ukufuduka bukhoma kwemishini ebonakalayo, ikhono lokuhambisa uhlelo lwemishini ebonakalayo kusuka kuseva eyodwa ebonakalayo kuya kwenye ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza okuvamile kwezinsizakalo kumishini ebonakalayo. Le nqubo ayinandaba nabasebenzisi bokugcina, abaphathi bangabela izinsiza zeseva ngendlela eguquguqukayo, noma balungise futhi bathuthukise amaseva abonakalayo ngaphandle kokuthinta ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwabasebenzisi.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isevisi ayiphazanyiswa ngesikhathi sokufuduka, kuyadingeka ukuthi hhayi nje ikheli le-IP lomshini obonakalayo elingashintshi, kodwa futhi nesimo sokusebenza komshini obonakalayo (njengesimo seseshini ye-TCP) kumele sigcinwe ngesikhathi sokufuduka, ngakho-ke ukufuduka okunamandla komshini obonakalayo kungenziwa kuphela kusizinda esifanayo sesendlalelo 2, kodwa hhayi kulo lonke ukufuduka kwesizinda sesendlalelo 2. Lokhu kudala isidingo sezizinda ezinkulu ze-L2 kusukela kungqimba lokufinyelela kuya kungqimba eyinhloko.
Indawo yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-L2 ne-L3 kusakhiwo senethiwekhi esikhulu sendabuko se-layer 2 siseswishini eliyinhloko, kanti isikhungo sedatha esingaphansi kweswishi eliyinhloko siyisizinda sokusakaza esiphelele, okungukuthi, inethiwekhi ye-L2. Ngale ndlela, ingaqaphela ukungabi nandaba kokuthunyelwa kwedivayisi kanye nokufuduka kwendawo, futhi ayidingi ukushintsha ukucushwa kwe-IP kanye nesango. Amanethiwekhi ahlukene e-L2 (ama-VLan) adluliselwa ngokusebenzisa amaswishi ayinhloko. Kodwa-ke, iswishi eliyinhloko ngaphansi kwalolu lwakhiwo lidinga ukugcina ithebula elikhulu le-MAC ne-ARP, elibeka phambili izidingo eziphezulu zekhono leswishi eliyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Access Switch (TOR) nayo ikhawulela ubukhulu benethiwekhi yonke. Lokhu ekugcineni kunciphisa ubukhulu benethiwekhi, ukwanda kwenethiwekhi kanye nekhono lokunwebeka, inkinga yokubambezeleka kuzo zonke izingqimba ezintathu zokuhlela, ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zebhizinisi lesikhathi esizayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithrafikhi esukela empumalanga iye entshonalanga elethwa ubuchwepheshe be-virtualization nayo iletha izinselele kunethiwekhi yendabuko enezingqimba ezintathu. Ithrafikhi yesikhungo sedatha ingahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezigaba ezilandelayo:
Ithrafikhi esuka enyakatho iye eningizimu:Ithrafikhi phakathi kwamakhasimende angaphandle kwesikhungo sedatha kanye neseva yesikhungo sedatha, noma ithrafikhi esuka kuseva yesikhungo sedatha iye kwi-inthanethi.
Ithrafikhi esuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga:Ithrafikhi phakathi kwamaseva ngaphakathi kwesikhungo sedatha, kanye nethrafikhi phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha ezahlukene, njengokubuyiselwa kwenhlekelele phakathi kwezikhungo zedatha, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamafu angasese nawomphakathi.
Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe be-virtualization kwenza ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kusabalale kakhulu, futhi "umphumela ongemuhle" ukuthi ithrafikhi esuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga iyanda.
Izakhiwo zendabuko ezinezigaba ezintathu ngokuvamile zenzelwe ithrafikhi esuka eNyakatho iye eNingizimu.Nakuba ingasetshenziswa ezindleleni zokuhamba ezisuka empumalanga ziye entshonalanga, ekugcineni ingase yehluleke ukusebenza njengoba kudingeka.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zendabuko ezinezigaba ezintathu uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-Spine-Leaf
Kusakhiwo esinezigaba ezintathu, ithrafikhi esuka empumalanga iye entshonalanga kumele idluliselwe ngamadivayisi aqoqwe kanye nezingxenye eziyinhloko. Idlula ngokungadingekile kuma-node amaningi. (Iseva -> Ukufinyelela -> Ukuhlanganisa -> I-Core Switch -> Ukuhlanganisa -> I-Access Switch -> Iseva)
Ngakho-ke, uma inani elikhulu lethrafikhi empumalanga-ntshonalanga liqhutshwa ngesakhiwo senethiwekhi yendabuko enamazinga amathathu, amadivayisi axhunywe ku-switch port efanayo angase ancintisane nge-bandwidth, okuholela ezikhathini ezimbi zokuphendula ezitholwa abasebenzisi bokugcina.
Izinkinga zokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yendabuko enezingqimba ezintathu
Kungabonakala ukuthi ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi yendabuko enezingqimba ezintathu kunezinkinga eziningi:
Imfucuza ye-bandwidth:Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugoqana, iphrothokholi ye-STP ivame ukusebenza phakathi kwesendlalelo sokuhlanganisa kanye nesendlalelo sokufinyelela, ukuze isixhumanisi esisodwa kuphela seswishi sokufinyelela sithwale ithrafikhi, kanti ezinye izixhumanisi zizovinjelwa, okuholela ekuchithekeni kwe-bandwidth.
Ubunzima ekubekweni kwenethiwekhi enkulu:Ngokwandiswa kwesilinganiso senethiwekhi, izikhungo zedatha zisatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezahlukene zezwe, imishini ebonakalayo kumele idalwe futhi ithuthwe noma kuphi, futhi izimfanelo zayo zenethiwekhi ezifana namakheli e-IP kanye namasango azishintshi, okudinga ukwesekwa yi-fat Layer 2. Esimweni sendabuko, akukho ukufuduka okungenziwa.
Ukuntuleka kwethrafikhi eMpumalanga-Ntshonalanga:Ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi enezigaba ezintathu kuklanyelwe ikakhulukazi ithrafikhi yaseNyakatho-Ningizimu, yize futhi kusekela ithrafikhi yasempumalanga-ntshonalanga, kodwa ukushiyeka kusobala. Uma ithrafikhi yasempumalanga-ntshonalanga inkulu, ingcindezi ku-aggregation layer kanye ne-core layer switch izokwanda kakhulu, futhi usayizi wenethiwekhi kanye nokusebenza kuzokhawulelwa ku-aggregation layer kanye ne-core layer.
Lokhu kwenza amabhizinisi awele enkingeni yezindleko kanye nokukhula:Ukusekela amanethiwekhi amakhulu asebenza kahle kakhulu kudinga inani elikhulu lemishini yezendlalelo zokuhlangana kanye nezendlalelo eziyinhloko, okungagcini nje ngokuletha izindleko eziphezulu emabhizinisini, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuthi inethiwekhi kumele ihlelwe kusenesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa inethiwekhi. Uma isikali senethiwekhi sincane, sizodala ukumoshwa kwezinsiza, futhi uma isikali senethiwekhi siqhubeka nokukhula, kunzima ukusakhula.
Ukwakhiwa Kwenethiwekhi Yezinhlungu Ze ...
Iyini ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-Spine-Leaf?
Ukuphendula ezinkingeni ezingenhla,Kuvele umklamo omusha wesikhungo sedatha, ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-Spine-Leaf, okuyilokho esikubiza ngokuthi inethiwekhi ye-leaf ridge.
Njengoba igama lisikisela, ukwakheka kunesendlalelo se-Spine kanye nesendlalelo se-Leaf, okuhlanganisa ukushintsha komgogodla kanye nokushintsha kwamaqabunga.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezinhlayiya Nezinhlayiya
Iswishi ngayinye yeqabunga ixhunywe kuzo zonke iziswishi ze-ridge, ezingaxhumene ngqo, zakha i-topology egcwele i-mesh.
Ku-spine-and-leaf, uxhumano oluvela ku-Server eyodwa kuya kwenye ludlula ngenani elifanayo lamadivayisi (Server -> Leaf -> Spine Switch -> Leaf Switch -> Server), okuqinisekisa ukubambezeleka okubikezelwayo. Ngoba iphakethe lidinga kuphela ukudlula ku-spine eyodwa kanye nelinye iqabunga ukuze lifike lapho liya khona.
Isebenza kanjani i-Spine-Leaf?
Iswishi Leqabunga: Lilingana neswishi yokufinyelela kusakhiwo sendabuko esinezitezi ezintathu futhi lixhuma ngqo kuseva ebonakalayo njenge-TOR (Top Of Rack). Umehluko ngeswishi yokufinyelela ukuthi indawo yokuhlukaniswa kwenethiwekhi ye-L2/L3 manje isiseswishini ye-Leaf. Iswishi Leqabunga lingaphezulu kwenethiwekhi enezitezi ezintathu, kanti iswishi Leqabunga lingaphansi kwesizinda sokusakaza se-L2 esizimele, esixazulula inkinga ye-BUM yenethiwekhi enkulu enezitezi ezimbili. Uma amaseva amabili e-Leaf edinga ukuxhumana, adinga ukusebenzisa i-L3 routing bese eyidlulisela phambili ngeswishi ye-Spine.
I-Spine Switch: Ilingana ne-core switch. I-ECMP (Equal Cost Multi Path) isetshenziselwa ukukhetha ngokuguquguqukayo izindlela eziningi phakathi kwe-Spine kanye ne-Leaf switches. Umehluko ukuthi i-Spine manje imane ihlinzeka ngenethiwekhi yomzila ye-L3 eqinile ye-Leaf switch, ngakho-ke ithrafikhi yesikhungo sedatha esuka enyakatho iye eningizimu ingahanjiswa kusukela ku-Spine switch esikhundleni sokuyihanjiswa ngqo. Ithrafikhi esuka enyakatho iye eningizimu ingahanjiswa kusukela ku-edge switch ehambisana ne-Leaf switch ukuya ku-WAN router.
Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi ye-Spine/Leaf kanye nokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yendabuko enezingqimba ezintathu
Izinzuzo ze-Spine-Leaf
Ifulethi:Umklamo oyisicaba ufinyeza indlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwamaseva, okuholela ekubambezelekeni okuphansi, okungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kohlelo lokusebenza kanye nensizakalo.
Ukusabalala okuhle:uma i-bandwidth inganele, ukwandisa inani lama-ridge switch kungandisa i-bandwidth ngokuvundlile. Uma inani lamaseva landa, singangeza ama-leaf switch uma ubuningi be-port bunganele.
Ukwehliswa kwezindleko: Ithrafikhi eya enyakatho naseningizimu, kungaba ukuphuma kuma-node amaqabunga noma ukuphuma kuma-node asemaceleni. Ukugeleza kusuka empumalanga kuya entshonalanga, kusatshalaliswa ezindleleni eziningi. Ngale ndlela, inethiwekhi yama-leaf ridge ingasebenzisa ukushintsha okuhleliwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha okubizayo kwe-modular, bese kunciphisa izindleko.
Ukugwema Ukubambezeleka Okuphansi Nokuminyana:Ukugeleza kwedatha kunethiwekhi ye-Leaf ridge kunenani elifanayo lama-hops kunethiwekhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthombo nendawo oya kuyo, futhi noma yimaphi amaseva amabili i-Leaf - >Spine - >Leaf three-hop efinyelelekayo komunye nomunye. Lokhu kusungula indlela yethrafikhi eqondile, ethuthukisa ukusebenza futhi inciphise izithiyo.
Ukuphepha Okuphezulu Nokutholakala:Iphrothokholi ye-STP isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi okungokwesiko okunezigaba ezintathu, futhi uma idivayisi yehluleka, izophinde ihlangane, kuthinte ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi noma ngisho nokwehluleka. Ekwakhiweni kwe-leaf-ridge, lapho idivayisi yehluleka, asikho isidingo sokuphinda ihlangane, futhi ithrafikhi iyaqhubeka idlula kwezinye izindlela ezivamile. Ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi akuthinteki, futhi i-bandwidth incishiswa yindlela eyodwa kuphela, ngomthelela omncane wokusebenza.
Ukulinganisela umthwalo nge-ECMP kufaneleka kahle ezindaweni lapho kusetshenziswa khona amapulatifomu okuphatha inethiwekhi ahlanganisiwe njenge-SDN. I-SDN ivumela ukwenza kube lula ukucushwa, ukuphathwa kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwethrafikhi uma kwenzeka ukuvinjelwa noma ukwehluleka kwesixhumanisi, okwenza i-topology ye-full mesh ehlakaniphile yokulinganisela umthwalo ibe yindlela elula yokuyilungiselela nokuphatha.
Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwe-Spine-Leaf kunemikhawulo ethile:
Okubi ukuthi inani lamaswishi landisa usayizi wenethiwekhi. Isikhungo sedatha sokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yama-leaf ridge sidinga ukwandisa amaswishi kanye nemishini yenethiwekhi ngokulingana nenani lamakhasimende. Njengoba inani lama-host landa, kudingeka inani elikhulu lamaswishi ama-leaf ukuze kuxhunywe ku-ridge switch.
Ukuxhumana okuqondile kwezishintshi ze-ridge kanye ne-leaf kudinga ukuhambisana, futhi ngokuvamile, isilinganiso se-bandwidth esifanelekile phakathi kwezishintshi ze-leaf kanye ne-ridge asikwazi ukudlula u-3:1.
Isibonelo, kunamaklayenti angu-48 e-10Gbps esilinganiso ku-leaf switch anomthamo we-port ophelele ongu-480Gb/s. Uma ama-port amane e-uplink angu-40G e-leaf switch ngayinye exhunywe ku-40G ridge switch, izoba nomthamo we-uplink ongu-160Gb/s. Isilinganiso singu-480:160, noma u-3:1. Ama-uplink esikhungo sedatha ngokuvamile angu-40G noma u-100G futhi angathuthwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukusuka endaweni yokuqala engu-40G (Nx 40G) kuya ku-100G (Nx 100G). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-uplink kufanele ihlale isebenza ngokushesha kune-downlink ukuze ingavimbi isixhumanisi se-port.
Amanethiwekhi e-Spine-Leaf nawo anezidingo zokuxhuma ezicacile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-node ngayinye yeqabunga kumele ixhunywe ku-spine switch ngayinye, sidinga ukufaka izintambo eziningi zethusi noma ze-fiber optic. Ibanga lokuxhumeka lenyusa izindleko. Kuye ngebanga eliphakathi kwama-switch axhunyiwe, inani lamamojula e-optical aphezulu adingekayo yi-Spine-Leaf architecture liphakeme ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunelo le-architecture yendabuko enamazinga amathathu, okwandisa izindleko zokuthunyelwa zizonke. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuholele ekukhuleni kwemakethe ye-optical module, ikakhulukazi kumamojula e-optical asheshayo njenge-100G kanye ne-400G.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Jan-26-2026
