Ekusebenzeni nasekulungisweni kwenethiwekhi, kuyinkinga evamile kodwa enzima ukuthi amadivayisi angakwazi ukuPing ngemva kokuxhunywa ngokuqondile. Kubo bobabili abasaqalayo kanye nonjiniyela abanolwazi, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale emazingeni amaningi futhi uhlole izimbangela ezingase zibe khona. Lesi sihloko sichaza izinyathelo zokuxazulula inkinga ukukusiza ukuthi uthole ngokushesha umsuka wenkinga futhi uyilungise. Lezi zindlela ziyasebenza futhi ziyasebenza kunethiwekhi yasekhaya kanye nemvelo yebhizinisi. Sizokuhambisa kule nselele isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, kusukela ekuhlolweni okuyisisekelo kuya ekuhlolweni okuthuthukile.
1. Hlola Isimo Sokuxhumeka Komzimba ukuze Uqiniseke ukuthi Isiginali Iyasebenza
Isisekelo sokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi ukuxhumana ngokomzimba. Uma idivayisi yehluleka ku-Ping ngemva kokuxhumeka okuqondile, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlola ukuthi ungqimba olubonakalayo luyasebenza yini. Nazi izinyathelo:
Qinisekisa Uxhumo Lwekhebula Yenethiwekhi:Hlola ukuthi ikhebuli yenethiwekhi ixhunywe ngokuqinile yini nokuthi isixhumi esibonakalayo sekhebula yenethiwekhi ikhululekile yini. Uma usebenzisa intambo eqondile, qiniseka ukuthi ikhebuli ithobelana nezinga le-TIA/EIA-568-B (Izinga Elijwayelekile Lekhebula Eliqondile). Uma unamadivayisi amadala, ungase udinge ukweqa imigqa (TIA/EIA-568-A) ngoba amanye amadivaysi amadala awakusekeli ukushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kwe-MDI/MDIX.
Hlola Ikhwalithi Yekhebula Yenethiwekhi:ikhwalithi ephansi noma intambo yenethiwekhi ende kakhulu ingabangela ukuncipha kwesignali. Ubude bekhebula lenethiwekhi evamile kufanele bulawuleke phakathi kwamamitha ayi-100. Uma intambo iyinde kakhulu noma inomonakalo osobala (isb., ephukile noma isicaba), kutuswa ukuthi esikhundleni sayo kufakwe ikhebula lekhwalithi ephezulu futhi ihlolwe kabusha.
Qaphela Izinkomba Zedivayisi:Amadivayisi amaningi enethiwekhi (njengamaswishi, amarutha, amakhadi enethiwekhi) anezinkomba zesimo sesixhumanisi. Ngokuvamile, ukukhanya kuzokhanya (okuluhlaza noma okusawolintshi) ngemva kokuxhumeka, futhi kungase kube nokucwayiza ukukhombisa ukudluliswa kwedatha. Uma inkomba ingakhanyi, kungase kube inkinga ngekhebula lenethiwekhi, isixhumi esibonakalayo esiphukile, noma idivayisi ayivuliwe.
Imbobo yokuhlola:Xhuma ikhebula lenethiwekhi kwesinye imbobo yedivayisi ukuze ukhiphe amathuba okulimala kwembobo. Uma itholakala, ungasebenzisa isihloli sekhebula lenethiwekhi ukuze uhlole ukuxhumeka kwentambo yenethiwekhi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ipheya ngayinye yezintambo i-odwe ngendlela efanele.
Ukuxhumana ngokomzimba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuxhumaneni kwenethiwekhi, futhi kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi azikho izinkinga kulesi sigaba ngaphambi kokuthi siqhubeke nokuphenya izimbangela ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
2. Hlola Isimo Se-STP Sedivayisi Ukuze Uqiniseke Ukuthi Imbobo Ayivaliwe
Uma ungakwazi ukwenza i-Ping ngaphandle kokuxhumeka okujwayelekile ngokomzimba, kungase kube nenkinga ngephrothokholi yesendlalelo sedivayisi. Isizathu esisodwa esijwayelekile yi-Spanning Tree Protocol (STP).
Qonda indima ye-STP:I-STP(Spanning Tree Protocol) isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuvela kwezihibe kunethiwekhi. Uma idivayisi ithola iluphu, i-STP ibeka izimbobo ezithile Kusimo Sokuvimba, zibavimbele ekudluliseleni idatha.
Hlola Isimo Sechweba:Ngena ku-CLI yedivayisi yakho (i-Command Line interface) noma isixhumi esibonakalayo somqondisi wewebhu ukuze ubone ukuthi imbobo isesimweni "sokudlulisa". Endabeni yokushintsha kwe-Cisco, isimo se-STP singabukwa kusetshenziswa i-command show spat-tree. Uma imbobo iboniswa njengokuthi "Ivimba", i-STP ivimba ukuxhumana kuleyo mbobo.
Isixazululo:
Khubaza okwesikhashana i-STP:Endaweni yokuhlola, kuyenzeka uvale i-STP okwesikhashana (isibonelo, akukho spath-tree vlan 1), kodwa lokhu akunconyiwe ekukhiqizeni ngoba kungase kubangele isiphepho sokusakaza.
Nika amandla i-PortFast:Uma idivayisi iyisekela, umsebenzi we-PortFast ungavulwa ethekwini (imiyalo efana ne-spath-tree portfast), okuvumela imbobo ukuthi yeqe isigaba sokulalela nokufunda se-STP futhi ingene ngokuqondile esimweni sokudlulisela.
Hlola ama-Loops:Uma i-STP block ibangelwa ukuba khona kwama-loops kunethiwekhi, qhubeka uhlole i-topology yenethiwekhi ukuze uthole futhi uphule izihibe.
Izinkinga ze-STP zivamile kumanethiwekhi ezinkampani, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishintshashintshayo eziningi. Uma unenethiwekhi encane, ungase ukwazi ukweqa lesi sinyathelo okwamanje, kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi i-STP isebenza kanjani kungahamba ibanga elide ezinkingeni zokuxazulula izinkinga esikhathini esizayo.
3. Hlola ukuthi i-ARP iyasebenza yini ukuze Uqinisekise ukuthi Ikheli le-MAC Lixazululwe Ngokufanelekile
Uma isendlalelo sesixhumanisi sijwayelekile, hamba kusendlalelo senethiwekhi ukuze uhlole. Umyalo we-Ping uncike kuphrothokholi ye-ICMP, eqala ngokuxazulula ikheli le-IP eliqondiwe ekhelini le-MAC nge-Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Uma ukulungiswa kwe-ARP kuhluleka, i-Ping izohluleka.
Hlola ithebula le-ARP: Hlola ithebula le-ARP kudivayisi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ikheli le-MAC ledivayisi eqondiwe lixazululwe ngempumelelo. Ku-Windows, isibonelo, ungabuka inqolobane ye-ARP ngokuvula umugqa womyalo bese uthayipha i-arp-a. Uma lingekho ikheli le-MAC le-IP yendawo, ukulungiswa kwe-ARP kuhlulekile.
I-ARP yokuhlola mathupha:Zama ukuthumela izicelo ze-ARP mathupha. Isibonelo, ku-Windows ungasebenzisa umyalo we-ping ukuze uqalise isicelo se-ARP, noma usebenzise ngokuqondile ithuluzi elifana ne-arping (kumasistimu e-Linux). Uma ingekho impendulo esicelweni se-ARP, izizathu ezingaba khona zihlanganisa:
Ukuvinjwa kwe-Firewall:Izicelo ze-ARP zivinjelwe i-firewall yamanye amadivayisi. Hlola izilungiselelo zohlelo lokuvikela lwedivayisi eqondiwe bese uzama futhi ngemva kokuvala okwesikhashana i-firewall.
Ukushayisana kwe-IP:Ukulungiswa kwe-ARP kungase kuhluleke uma kukhona ukushayisana kwekheli le-IP kunethiwekhi. Sebenzisa ithuluzi elifana ne-Wireshark ukuze ubambe amaphakethe futhi ubone ukuthi akhona yini amakheli amaningi e-MAC aphendula ku-IP efanayo.
Isixazululo:
Susa i-Arpcache (iWindows: i-netsh interface ip delete arpcache; Linux: ip-ss neigh flush all) bese u-Ping futhi.
Qiniseka ukuthi amakheli e-IP awo womabili amadivayisi aku-subnet efanayo nokuthi imaski ye-subnet iyafana (bona isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuze uthole imininingwane).
Izinkinga ze-ARP zivame ukuhlobana eduze nokucushwa kwesendlalelo senethiwekhi, futhi kudinga isineke ekuxazululeni inkinga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi yonke into iyasebenza.
4. Hlola Ikheli Le-IP kanye Nokucushwa Kwe-Subnet ukuze Uqinisekise Ingqalasizinda Yezokuxhumana
Izinkinga kusendlalelo senethiwekhi ngokuvamile ziyimbangela enkulu yokwehluleka kwe-Ping. Amakheli e-IP angalungiswanga kahle namanethi angaphansi abangela ukuthi amadivayisi ahluleke ukuxhumana. Nazi izinyathelo:
Qinisekisa Ikheli Le-IP:Hlola ukuthi ingabe amakheli e-IP wamadivayisi amabili aku-subnet efanayo. Isibonelo, idivayisi A ine-IP ye-192.168.1.10 kanye ne-subnet mask engu-255.255.255.0. Idivayisi B ine-IP engu-192.168.1.20 kanye nemaski ye-subnet efanayo. Ama-ips amabili aku-subnet efanayo (192.168.1.0/24) futhi angaxhumana ngokwethiyori. Uma idivayisi B ine-IP ethi 192.168.2.20, ayikho ku-subnet efanayo futhi i-Ping izohluleka.
Hlola imaski ye-Subnet:Amamaski e-subnet angahambisani nawo angaholela ekuhlulekeni kokuxhumana. Isibonelo, idivayisi A inemaski engu-255.255.255.0 futhi idivayisi B inemaski engu-255.255.0.0, engaholela ezithiyo zokuxhumana ngenxa yokuqonda kwabo okuhlukile kobubanzi be-subnet. Qiniseka ukuthi imaski ye-subnet iyafana kuwo womabili amadivayisi.
Hlola Izilungiselelo Zesango:Amadivayisi axhumeke ngqo ngokuvamile awadingi isango, kodwa amasango angalungiswanga kahle angabangela amaphakethe ukuthi adluliselwe ngokungalungile. Qiniseka ukuthi isango lawo womabili amadivayisi lisethelwe ekubeni alilungiselelwe noma likhomba ekhelini elilungile.
Isixazululo:
Lungisa ikheli le-IP noma imaski ye-subnet ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi womabili amadivayisi aku-subnet efanayo. Khubaza Izilungiselelo zesango elingadingekile noma uzibeke enanini elimisiwe (0.0.0.0).
Ukucushwa kwe-IP kuwumongo wokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhlola kabili ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi akukho lutho olushodayo.
5. Hlola Amaphakethe e-ICMP Athunyelwe Futhi Amukelwe ukuze Uqinisekise ukuthi Iphrothokholi ayikhutshaziwe
Umyalo we-Ping uncike ku-Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP). Uma amaphakethe e-ICMP ebanjwa noma ekhutshaziwe, i-Ping ngeke iphumelele.
Hlola Imithetho yakho ye-Firewall:Amadivayisi amaningi anama-firewall anikwe amandla ngokuzenzakalela, angavimba izicelo ze-ICMP. Ku-Windows, isibonelo, hlola ukulungiselelwa kwe-"Windows Defender Firewall" ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi umthetho we-ICMPv4-In uvunyelwe. Amasistimu e-Linux ahlola umthetho we-iptables (iptables -L) ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi i-ICMP ayivinjwa.
Hlola Inqubomgomo Yedivayisi:Amanye amarutha noma amaswishi akhubaza izimpendulo ze-ICMP ukuvimbela ukuskena. Ngena esikrinini sokuphatha idivayisi ukuze wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi i-ICMP ivaliwe.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuthwebula kwephakethe:Sebenzisa ithuluzi elifana ne-Wireshark nomaI-Mylinking Network TapsfuthiI-Mylinking Network Packet Brokersukuthwebula amaphakethe ukuze ubone ukuthi ngabe isicelo se-ICMP senziwe nokuthi kube khona yini impendulo. Uma isicelo senziwa kodwa kungekho mpendulo, inkinga ingase ibe kudivayisi eqondiwe. Uma kungekho sicelo esenziwe, inkinga ingase ibe semshinini wendawo.
Isixazululo:
(I-Windows: netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off; Linux: iptables -F) ukuhlola ukuthi i-Ping ibuyele kwesijwayelekile yini.Vumela izimpendulo ze-ICMP kudivayisi (isibonelo, idivayisi ye-Cisco: ip icmp echo-reply).
Izinkinga ze-ICMP zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinqubomgomo zokuphepha, ezidinga ukuhwebelana phakathi kokuphepha nokuxhumana.
6. Hlola ukuthi ifomethi yephakethe ilungile yini ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi akukho okudidayo kuSitaki Sephrothokholi.
Uma konke kuhamba kahle futhi awukwazi ukwenza i-Ping, ungase udinge ukubhoboza kusitaki sephrothokholi ukuze uhlole ukuthi iphakethe likufomethi elungile yini.
Thatha futhi Uhlaziye Amaphakethe:
Sebenzisa i-Wireshark ukuze uthwebule amaphakethe e-ICMP futhi uhlole okulandelayo:
- Uhlobo Nekhodi Yesicelo se-ICMP ilungile (Isicelo se-Echo kufanele sibe Uhlobo 8, Ikhodi 0).
- Ukuthi umthombo nendawo okuyiwa kuyo ilungile yini.
- Ukuthi akhona yini amanani angavamile e-TTL (Isikhathi Sokuphila) angabangela ukuthi iphakethe liwiswe phakathi.
Hlola izilungiselelo ze-MTU:Uma Izilungiselelo zeyunithi yokudlulisela (MTU) ephezulu zingahambisani, ukuhlukaniswa kwephakethe kungase kuhluleke. I-MTU ezenzakalelayo ingamabhayithi angu-1500, kodwa amanye amadivayisi angase alungiselelwe ngamavelu amancane. Hlola ukuhlukaniswa ngomyalo we-ping-fl 1472 target IP (Windows). Uma u-sharding uyalwa kodwa ifulegi le-Do not sharding (DF) lisethiwe, i-MTU ayifani.
Isixazululo:
Lungisa inani le-MTU (IWindows: i-netsh interface ipv4 setha isixhumi esibonakalayo "Ethernet" mtu=1400 store=persistent).
Qinisekisa ukuthi i-MTU yala madivayisi womabili iyafana.
Inkinga yesitaki sephrothokholi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ukuhlaziya okujulile kwenziwa ngemuva kokuthi uphenyo oluyisisekelo lungatheli.
7. Qoqa Ulwazi Futhi Ufune Ukusekelwa Kwezobuchwepheshe
Uma izinyathelo ezingenhla zingaluxazululi udaba, ungase udinge ukuqhubeka uqoqe ulwazi futhi ufune ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe.
Ilogi:Qoqa imininingwane yelogi yedivayisi (syslog of router/switch, syslog of PC) futhi ubone ukuthi akhona yini amaphutha.
Xhumana Nomkhiqizi:Uma idivayisi ingumkhiqizo webhizinisi njengeI-Mylinking(I-Network Taps, I-Network Packet BrokersfuthiI-Bypass esemgqeni), Cisco(Umzila/Shintsha), Huawei(Umzila/Shintsha), ungaxhumana nosekelo lobuchwepheshe lomkhiqizi ukuze unikeze izinyathelo zokuhlola ezinemininingwane namalogi.
Ukusebenzisa Umphakathi:Thumela ezingosini zobuchwepheshe (isb., Ukuchichima Kwesitaki, Umphakathi we-Cisco) ukuze uthole usizo, unikeze nge-topology yenethiwekhi enemininingwane kanye nolwazi lokumisa.
Ukuxhumeka okuqondile kudivayisi yenethiwekhi okuhlulekayo ku-Ping kungase kubonakale kulula, kodwa empeleni kungase kuhlanganise izinkinga eziningi kusendlalelo esibonakalayo, isendlalelo sesixhumanisi, isendlalelo senethiwekhi, ngisho nesitaki sephrothokholi. Izinkinga eziningi zingaxazululwa ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo eziyisikhombisa, ukusuka kokuyisisekelo kuye kokuphambili. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlola ikhebula lenethiwekhi, ukulungisa i-STP, ukuqinisekisa i-ARP, noma ukuthuthukisa ukumiswa kwe-IP kanye nenqubomgomo ye-ICMP, isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukunakekelwa nokubekezela. Ngethemba ukuthi lo mhlahlandlela uzokunikeza ukucaciseleka kokuthi ungakwenza kanjani ukuxazulula inkinga yakho ye-inthanethi, ukuze ungadideki uma ubhekana nenkinga efanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-09-2025
